Technical Report Series No. 2003. Beck, D. Lepage, and A.R. No Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge is currently available (but see Habitat requirements). Natural selection on tail and bill morphology in Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica during severe weather. endstream endobj 2483 0 obj <>stream Safran, R.J. 2007. The abundance index is one of the two abundance measures produced by ÉPOQ and is a measure of the number of birds observed relative to the number of checklists produced. Hirondelle urbaine - description, habitat, faits intéressants. Although not quantified, unknown numbers (perhaps many) of Barn Swallow nests are intentionally destroyed, because the droppings that accumulate beneath them create sanitary and aesthetic issues (Brown and Brown 1999a). 1953. 2002. Stewart, B. L'Hirondelle rustique est largement répartie sur l'ensemble de l'Amérique du Nord et de l'Eurasie. Elle est également connue sous le nom d'Hirondelle de cheminée ou d'Hirondelle des granges. Møller, A.P., F. De Lope and N. Saino. Thanks to all the staff from Conservation Data Centres, Natural Heritage Information Centres and Parks Canada Agency, as well as representatives of the provinces and territories, who provided input to this report and responded to requests for information. Stiles, F.G. and A.F. Population trends in selected species of farmland birds in relation to recent developments in agriculture in the St. Lawrence Valley. 1989. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC. In addition to wooden outbuildings, Barn Swallows have adapted to the increase of human infrastructure along road systems such as bridges and culverts. 1141, route de l’Église, P.O. Y^}'$����G���a�w���� ~�5Vx�� ��e^�v�ۇ��-g+ "�AC�����s]����ϝ`+�� ���'f�.l�`ѐ9c���(v���](݋�v�o�srgf�?9���hάhn��`���JK�ɐ�k��]��Oy9i��>�b΁;�� Ë�I�?��M��@�����B�he����Z��-�KH� In contrast, the biology of this species has been investigated in North America only recently (see Brown and Brown 1999a; Safran et al. Very little is known about the Barn Swallow’s ecological needs or threats on its Latin American wintering grounds. Conversely, squares with yellow dots are those that were not occupied by Barn Swallows in the first atlas, but were occupied in the second. ���Dlc���NT.��m�? Landscape Ecology 17:495–507. Ridgely, R.S., T.F. 1997), Alberta (Semenchuk 1992), Saskatchewan (Smith 1996), Manitoba Avian Research Committee, Quebec (Cyr and Larivée 1995), and Nova Scotia (Tufts 1986). Volume 3. Klimkiewicz, and A.G. Futcher. In British Columbia, its current distribution (based on the first 3 years of breeding bird atlas data) is similar to that given for the period 1923-1994 (Campbell et al. Journal of Field Ornithology 60:323-328. COSEWIC Membership COSEWIC comprises members from each provincial and territorial government wildlife agency, four federal entities (Canadian Wildlife Service, Parks Canada Agency, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership, chaired by the Canadian Museum of Nature), three non-government science members and the co-chairs of the species specialist subcommittees and the Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge subcommittee. Barn swallows ( Σταυλοχελίδονα ) OpenSubtitles2018.v3 OpenSubtitles2018.v3 En hiver, l'Hirondelle rustique est moins difficile quant au choix de son habitat, évitant seulement les déserts et les forêts denses. However, like many other species of birds that specialize on a diet of flying insects, this species has experienced very large declines that began somewhat inexplicably in the mid- to late 1980s in Canada. 1994. Bird Studies Canada. For enquiries, contact us. 1996; Latendresse et al. Son aire est centrée sur les zones tempérées des deux continents, avec un débordement sur les zones boréales au nord et en climat subtempéré de type méditerranéen au sud. It has been suggested that the decline of Barn Swallows in Canada, as for several other aerial-foraging avian insectivores, could be related to large-scale declines in the abundance of flying insects and/or a change in their seasonal phenologies (see Nebel et al. In winter, the barn swallow is cosmopolitan in its choice of habitat, avoiding only dense forests and deserts. Ruth, and T.C. 1997; Bird Studies Canada 2010b). USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. 2009). American Midland Naturalist 115:248-254. There is also the potential for harvest of Barn Swallows for food at large wintering roosts in South America (Brown and Brown 1999a). Can checklist programs be used to monitor populations of birds recorded during the migration season? Bird Studies Canada. Birds of Nunavut: a checklist. Custer, T.W., C.M. Dynamic paternity allocation as a function of male color in barn swallows. (�;�h���z���M �5=o��P���! Ecological Integrity Branch, Parks Canada. П���g�_,��'D����z��a��b���je�����'�fT_����C(� G�%��UC%@��R���0J����bNfJt:�~��,�] $�h�W�����t���Ȝ&ɬ�Z�7�- Trans-Beringia comparisons of mitochondrial DNA differentiation in birds. Sinclair, P.H., W.A. Are there extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence? Construction of bridges and culverts since the mid-1900s is also thought to be responsible for the species’ range expansion (e.g., into areas of boreal forest; C. Machtans pers. Rosenberg, A.O. Trend in Barn Swallow annual abundance indices in Canada from 1970 to 2009, based on Breeding Bird Survey data (from Environment Canada 2010, courtesy P. Blancher). Rich, C.M. Canadian Wildlife Service, Sackville, NB. 2002. Climate change and micro-geographic variation in laying date. Hailman, J.P. 1962. Étude des populations des oiseaux du Québec (, Species at Risk Act: COSEWIC assessments and status reports, Wildlife Species Description and Significance, Population spatial structure and variability, Habitat loss and degradation on the breeding grounds, Interspecific competition for nest sites from invasive species, Acknowledgements and Authorities Contacted, Figure 1. 2009). Elle niche dans l’ensemble de l’hémisphère Nord, au sud de la limite forestière et jusqu’à des altitudes de 3000 mètres. 2009. 2006. Contaminant exposure of Barn Swallows nesting on bayou d’Inde, Calcasieu estuary, Louisiana, USA. Avian predators of nestlings and/or eggs include several raptor species, corvids, House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon), and European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), while mammalian predators include feral cats, squirrels and mice (Campbell et al. The mean annual apparent survival probability of adults in one large colony in Nebraska was estimated at 0.350 ± 0.054 SE (n = 300; Brown and Brown 1999a). Web site: http://www.se.gov.sk.ca/ecosystem/speciesatrisk/, [accessed June 2009]. Møller, A.P. Botanist and Assistant Director. From two studies in West Virginia and British Columbia, nest building takes an average of 6 to 15 days (Samuel 1971; Campbell et al. Howell, S.N.G. 1997). Botanist and Assistant Director. Swallow. Figure 4. Over the most recent 10-year period (1999 to 2009), BBS data show a statistically significant decline of 3.5% per year, which represents an overall decadal decline of 30%. Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America. Occurrence Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador. 2009. Construction typically begins from 5 days to 2 weeks after spring arrival (Smith 1933; Barclay 1988). Beardmore, G.S. Whittam, B. pers. Press, Oxford. In Alberta, comparison of the two atlas periods indicates that the Barn Swallow’s relative abundance has declined in all Natural Regions of the province since the first atlas period that began in 1986 (Federation of Alberta Naturalists 2007). Iñigo-Elias, D.N. 1997). Is there an [observed, inferred, or projected] continuing decline in number of locations? Journal of Applied Ecology 39:524-534. Man’s influence on potential nesting sites and populations of swallows in Canada. Effects of crop type and aerial invertebrate abundance on foraging Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica. comm. 2010. No information is available on population structure or variability within Canada or North America. Filion, Alain. Data Deficient (DD)*** A category that applies when the available information is insufficient (a) to resolve a species’ eligibility for assessment or (b) to permit an assessment of the species’ risk of extinction. Weisheit, A.S. and P.D. The taxonomy of the Barn Swallow is as follows: Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae Genus: Hirundo Species: Hirundo rustica Subspecies: erythrogaster. Bird Populations 9:86-169. 2010) notes that Barn Swallows still nest in numbers on cliff faces, river edges and canyon walls. The bulk of the North American population winters in lowlands across South America (including the Galápagos Islands; Brown and Brown 1999a). comm. Iverson (1988) reported that female Barn Swallows moved an average of 1.6 km from the previous year’s nesting site (n=5). In response, Barn Swallows expanded their breeding populations and extended their breeding range into areas where they formerly did not occur; most of these documented range expansions occurred in the second half of the 19th century (Brown and Brown 1999a). After the breeding season and during fall migration, Barn Swallows gather in large numbers, often in association with other species of swallows, to forage and roost around marshes, lakes and sloughs. Les hirondelles rustiques nichent souvent à proximité des habitations et dans les granges, généralement en petites colonies. The Barn Swallow nests in small, loose colonies that usually contain no more than about 10 pairs. ����ny�9QQO����M�.�/�.�X����@��>�|�1 _n���7��z�z�p]O.�����[�%�������0:(o�+�[h��?>խތf��&�H���;.�0fv:i�$���v�oj��ٯ|v�2�=5�/��X�����/�E��8�ӹ6��ѽ'��K0?���?Ð���AM�X��W5��r`xbb�I����F{+��} :�Vm�i��ؒ���|2;�'Y����&��3E����7e�&޲��6[�]�e�/!�A���o������&�܈}łl�A�ɡ��g��b��R��> Wf5��ʑu掳����H ��N�xv�b՝m�xX͠'X�lo�>?n@|J�=��xU�ئd�K F�3Nэkz{����^�xk���?V��zЏuh�3�vC�_�����z5~�>� u��5�ml����|/#O �&�����ǡ��~ Finally, a note of appreciation goes out to the many volunteers of the Breeding Bird Survey, the various atlas projects, and those who contributed to the ÉPOQ database for all their collective efforts. The Barn Swallow’s current distribution has remained largely static since about 1980 in most provinces, but in the last two decades its occurrence has grown more sparse in the Southern Shield region of Ontario (Cadman et al. Barn Swallows forage individually or in small groups over open land and water. It is considered as ‘Least Concern’ according to the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International 2009). Les individus considérés également vivent en Europe. 2007). Adults display a high-degree of fidelity to nest sites (Brown and Brown 1999a). 2008. Version 3.23.2011. [accessed May 2010]. 2nd Edition. Following European settlement, they shifted largely to nesting in and on artificial structures, including barns and other outbuildings, garages, houses, bridges, and road culverts. It also does a poor job of monitoring populations in remote, natural situations associated with cliff faces. Ziolkowski, Jr., and W.A. Colonies in Canada contain up to 83 pairs (n = 135 colonies; Campbell et al. L’hirondelle rustique, appelée également l’hirondelle de cheminée ou l’hirondelle des granges, est une espèce d’oiseau appartenant à l’ordre des passériformes (passereaux) et à la famille des hirundinidés. The BBS is a program that has been monitoring North American breeding bird populations since 1966 (Sauer et al. E4L 1C6. Les oiseaux nicheurs du Québec: Atlas des oiseaux nicheurs du Québec méridional. En hiver, l' Hirondelle rustique est moins difficile quant au choix de son habitat, évitant seulement les déserts et les forêts denses. 1987. 2007. 2007). While there was undoubtedly a large shift in nesting site types following European settlement in North America (see below), Barn Swallows were probably already making use of First Nations habitations well before then. 2010b. 1918. Barn swallows before barns: population histories and intercontinental colonization. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Manitoba Avian Research Committee. Hatching success (³ 1 fledgling) in British Columbia is 70% (n = 609 nests; Campbell et al. Barn Swallow life history data based on banding records. Is there an [observed, inferred, or projected] continuing decline in extent of occurrence? Weather in the breeding area and during migration affects the demography of a small long-distance passerine migrant. In Europe, there was a significant positive relationship between the mean first arrival date of Barn Swallows and mean March temperature (Sparks and Tryjanowski 2007). Cadman, M.D., D.A. You will not receive a reply. The effect of dairy farming on Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica abundance, distribution and reproduction. November 2008. 1996. 2007. En hiver, l'Hirondelle rustique est moins difficile quant au choix de son habitat, évitant seulement les déserts et les forêts denses. On la trouve sur tous les continents, à l’exception de l’Antarctique. Speich, S.M., H.L. Schmiegelow. Swallows and Martins Identification Guide. Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario. 2011; Environment Canada 2010). (Gauthier, J. and Y. Aubry, Eds.). comm. 1997). 1997). Partners in Flight Landbird Population Estimates Database (PIF LPED). In Quebec, the SQBP database, which manages the bird checklists produced by thousands of volunteers since 1969 (totalling more than 500,000 checklists), is an additional reference for determining the Barn Swallow’s regional population trend (G. Falardeau pers. Rustay, J.S. 112 pp. 2005; Neuman et al.2007). [Accessed November 2009]. Barn Swallow populations have also declined substantially in several National Parks in the Maritimes (Fundy, Kouchibouguac, Kejimkujik and Cape Breton Highlands). Government of Saskatchewan. Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario, 2001-2005. 2482 0 obj <>stream 2003). Few studies have compared genetic variation among subspecies, but the level of differentiation (in morphology and behaviour) found between Eurasian and North American populations suggests that more than one species may exist (Zink et al. Falls Sie mit unserer Verwendung von Cookies nicht einverstanden sind, ändern Sie bitte die Einstellungen Ihres Browers oder verlassen diese Webseite. Eagles, and F.M. It is a long-distance migrant and winters through Central and South America. Six subspecies are known to occur in the world, but only one breeds in North America (H. r. erythrogaster; Brown and Brown 1999a). 2007). Before European settlement, the Barn Swallow’s nesting habitat was mainly characterized by natural features such as caves, holes, crevices, and ledges associated with rocky cliff faces (Speich et al. 2010). Barn Swallow population trends in adjacent jurisdictions of the. Yes, but tempered somewhat by population declines in states bordering Canada. In Europe, Barn Swallows are responding to climate change by nesting earlier due to warmer temperatures in spring (Møller 2008). 2009; C. Machtans pers. 2010). Definition of the (DD) category revised in 2006. Vol. An index of area of occupancy (IAO) in Canada based upon the 2x2 km grid cell method cannot be calculated at this time, because coordinates of the vast number of nesting sites are impossible to map. In Canada, the surveys are generally conducted in June, at the height of the breeding period of most bird species. In the Guelph area of Ontario, Barn Swallow nests are also usurped fairly frequently by sparrows, especially those nesting near barn entrances (M. Cadman pers. Møller, A.P. 483, Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Quebec Region, Sainte-Foy, Quebec. Rimouski. Across their global range, Barn Swallows have proven themselves to be highly adaptable to changes in the availability of different types of nesting sites, as demonstrated by their propensity to nest in and on a variety of human-made structures. Something appears to have happened sometime in the mid- to late 1980s that seems to have triggered a sharp decline. Press, New York. The extent to which declines in the availability of artificial nesting sites is actually limiting the Canadian population is unclear. Peck, G.K. and R.D. Mason, E.A. Nearctic passerine migrants in South America. Link. [accessed May 2010]. Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758. Reusing old nests allows earlier breeding, which increases reproductive success owing to the ability to produce more than one brood per year (Safran 2006, 2007). Observed percent reduction in total number of mature individuals over the last 10 years. CW69-14/629-2011E-PDF ISBN 978-1-100-18683-2. 1989. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, CA. 2007). Nebel, S., A.M. Mills, J.D. Animal Behaviour 35:819-832. Other birds include the ever- present house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and, in the summer months, the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). The threats listed below are possible causes, and they are likely acting additively in unknown ways. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. However, most of the research has been done on European populations, and relatively few studies have been conducted in North America (Brown and Brown 1999a). Ithaca, NY. 2000; Stokke et al. 2007. Interference by House Sparrows in nesting activities of Barn Swallows. Guide to the Partners in Flight Population Estimates Database. Wildlife Species A species, subspecies, variety, or geographically or genetically distinct population of animal, plant or other organism, other than a bacterium or virus, that is wild by nature and is either native to Canada or has extended its range into Canada without human intervention and has been present in Canada for at least 50 years. Survival rate of adult barn swallows Hirundo rustica in relation to sexual selection and reproduction. 1992. Range of the Barn Swallow in the Western Hemisphere (data provided by NatureServe in collaboration with Robert Ridgely, James Zook, The Nature Conservancy – Migratory Bird Program, Conservation International – Centre for Applied Biodiversity Science, World Wildlife Fund – US, and Environment Canada – WILDSPACE; modified from Ridgely et al. Bird Studies Canada. Ontario distribution of the Barn Swallow during the period 2001-2005 (reproduced with permission from Cadman, Figure 5. ~�F��3�5�8=|����JlpXy��M)M���60'��TF�Z7��U�������>K9�9T�Agڙ�9޻%�� It is not considered a ‘Watch List Species’ or a ‘Stewardship Species’ in the North American Landbird Conservation Plan (Rich et al. Hirondelle rustique: Galician: Anduriña común: German: Rauchschwalbe: Hebrew: סנונית רפתות: Hungarian: Füsti fecske: Icelandic: Landsvala: Indonesian: Layang-layang Asia: Italian: Rondine: Japanese: ツバメ: Korean: 제비: Latvian: Bezdelīga: Lithuanian: Šelmeninė kregždė: Malayalam: വയൽക്കോതിക്കത്രിക: Mongolian: Асрын хараацай Rauchschwalbe The species is capable of colonizing regions away from open agricultural areas as a result (e.g., logging roads in boreal forests; C. Savignac, pers. 1996. July 2009. Atlas of Breeding Birds of the Maritime Provinces. Elle vit sur la quasi totalité des continents du globe, en fonction de ses migrations annuelles. Competition for nest sites with other species of swallows has been reported in Nebraska, where Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) usurped Barn Swallow nests (Brown and Brown 1999a). At the global level, the Barn Swallow is considered ‘Secure’ (G5, Table 4). Hilty, S.L. Møller, A.P. American Ornithologists’ Union. 2007). As a consequence of both its wide distribution and its capacity to nest on accessible artificial structures near human populations, the Barn Swallow is well known to the general public and has been studied extensively throughout the world. The following list includes only those persons who contributed substantial information to the report: Blancher, Peter. This report was overseen and edited by Jon McCracken, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Birds Specialist Subcommittee. In the north, blank squares “with adequate coverage” are those that received at least 20 person-hours of survey coverage. In Canada, the current Barn Swallow population is estimated at about 2.45 million breeding pairs (about 4.9 million mature individuals). Email correspondence to C. Savignac. Wilson Bulletin 83:284-301. McCracken and P.D. Nests are built largely of mud pellets. It breeds rarely and sporadically in Nunavut, where it is considered a vagrant (Richards and White 2008). Are there extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals? It is the most widespread species of swallow in the world, found on every continent except Antarctica. This hypothesis is based on studies conducted in the northeastern United States and Europe where the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation are suggested to have significantly reduced fecundity and survivorship in several species of insectivorous birds (Sillett et al. S1 indicates that a species is critically imperiled because of extreme rarity (often 5 or fewer occurrences) or because of some factor(s) such as very steep declines, making it especially vulnerable to extirpation; S2 indicates that a species is imperiled because of rarity or other factors making it very vulnerable to extirpation, usually with 6 to 20 occurrences or few individuals remaining (i.e., 1000 to 3000); S3 indicates that a species is vulnerable at the subnational level because it is rare or uncommon, or found only in a restricted range, or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extirpation; S4 indicates a species is apparently secure; S5 indicates that a species is secure because it is common, widespread, and abundant in the state/province. Kingston Field Naturalists, Kingston, ON. Landbird Biologist. Females first breed at 1 year old; some males remain unpaired until 2 years old (NatureServe 2010). Smith, A.R. Based on Christmas Bird Count results, small (but apparently increasing) numbers of Barn Swallows are recorded in the winter in parts of the U.S. and Canada, including British Columbia (D. Fraser pers. However, the Barn Swallow benefited greatly by massive changes in the amount and diversity of anthropogenic nest sites and associated foraging habitats following European settlement. Other threats potentially affecting Barn Swallows include mortality due to increased numbers and intensity of hurricanes encountered during migration (e.g., Newton 1998), water contamination (Custer et al. Birds of the Kingston Region. 2009. Barn Swallow population trends in adjacent jurisdictions of the United States, from west to east, for the period 1999-2009, based on Breeding Bird Survey results (Sauer, Table 4. In the map of southern Ontario, squares with black dots are those in which the species was found in the first atlas period (1980-1985), but not in the second atlas (2001-2005). Yearlings often return to within 30 km of their natal sites (Shields 1984; Turner and Rose 1989). Erskine, A.J. Several studies, mainly conducted in Europe, have shown a strong link between maintaining farming activities with domestic animals (especially cattle) in the landscape and the occurrence of large colonies of Barn Swallows (Møller 2001; Ambrosini et al. In eastern Canada, fall migration generally starts by the end of August and extends until the first week of November (Landry and Bombardier 1996; Cyr and Larivée 1995). Advantages and disadvantages of coloniality in the swallow, Hirundo rustica. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D.K. Canadian Field-Naturalist 93:371-377. Threatened (T) A wildlife species likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed. Kennedy, J.A., P. Dilworth-Christie, and A.J. It has figured prominently in studies on the costs and benefits of group-living (Snapp 1976; Møller 1987; Shields and Crook 1987), and has served as a model organism for detailed studies on the mechanisms of sexual selection (Møller 1994) and the effects of climate change and ectoparasites on breeding ecology (Brown and Brown 1999a). They concluded that “its population has clearly not yet recovered to the level that preceded its initial decline, and consequently it is evaluated as Depleted.”.